LHNCBC

Many existing electronic health record (EHR) systems contain clinical information encoded in ICD-9-CM. To facilitate migration to SNOMED CT as the primary clinical terminology for patient problems (diseases and conditions), it is desirable that the legacy ICD-9-CM data be translated to SNOMED CT. This will make it possible to compare newly collected data with historic data, and will also allow the EHR to make use of SNOMED CT to provide clinical decision support and other functions. The goal of the ICD-9-CM to SNOMED CT Map (herein referred to as “the Map”) is to facilitate the translation of legacy data and the transition to prospective use of SNOMED CT for patient problem lists. Note that this Map is not the same as, and serves different purposes from, the SNOMED CT to ICD-9-CM Map.

The most useful mappings are the one-to-one maps, in which a single SNOMED CT concept can be used to represent the full meaning of an ICD-9-CM code. This allows the automatic translation of ICD-9-CM codes into SNOMED CT codes without loss of meaning. The Map tries to identify as many one-to-one maps as possible, however, due to the differences between the two coding systems, one-to-one maps cannot be found for some ICD-9-CM codes. This difference is usually due to one of two reasons. Firstly, in ICD-9-CM, some codes are “catch-all” codes that encompass heterogeneous diseases or conditions (e.g. pneumonia due to other specified bacteria). These codes, commonly known as “NEC codes” (not elsewhere classified codes), will not have one-to-one maps because of their nature. Secondly, since SNOMED CT is more granular than ICD-9-CM in most disease areas, some ICD-9-CM diseases or conditions are further refined as more specific concepts in SNOMED CT. For such cases, it is not possible to map to a more specific SNOMED CT concept without the input of additional information.

The Map is published in two separate files, one containing the one-to-one maps, and the other the one-to-many maps. Also included in the files are the usage frequency of the ICD-9-CM codes, and the usage frequency of the SNOMED CT concepts from the CORE Problem List Subset data. The latter information can help users to identify the more commonly used SNOMED CT targets in the one-to-many maps.

Mapping Methodology
Two lists were obtained from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), covering commonly used ICD-9-CM codes in short-stay and outpatient hospitals respectively, for the year 2009. SNOMED CT maps for the ICD-9-CM codes in the lists were derived primarily from two existing knowledge sources: the synonymy between ICD-9-CM and SNOMED CT terms in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), and the SNOMED CT to ICD-9-CM Cross Maps published in the International release of SNOMED CT. The choice of target SNOMED CT codes was limited to concepts in three hierarchies: Clinical finding, Situation with explicit context, and Events. One-to-one maps identified by UMLS synonymy were not manually validated. One-to-many maps that were algorithmically identified which involved less than 5 SNOMED CT targets were manually reviewed, with the intention to reduce them to one-to-one maps if possible. ICD-9-CM codes with no maps, or one-to-many maps involving a large number of targets were not manually reviewed.

Dataset: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/mapping_projects/icd9cm_to_snomedct.html

Malaria Screener datasheet Details of datasets and download links

This page hosts a repository of P. vivax and P. falciparum images in both thin and thick blood smears from the Malaria Screener research activity.

To reduce the burden for microscopists in resource-constrained regions and improve diagnostic accuracy, researchers at the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC), part of National Library of Medicine (NLM), have developed a mobile application, called “Malaria Screener”, which runs on a standard Android smartphone attached to a conventional light microscope. The smartphone's built-in camera acquired images of slides for each microscopic field of view. The images were manually annotated by an expert slide reader at the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit in Bangkok, Thailand. The de-identified images and annotations are archived at NLM (IRB#12972).

The dataset includes five main parts:

Giemsa-stained thick blood smear slides from 150 P. falciparum-infected patients were collected and photographed at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. We have developed the first deep learning method that can detect P. falciparum parasites in thick blood smear images and can run on smartphones, which consists of two modules: an intensity-based Iterative Global Minimum Screening (IGMS) module for parasite candidate screening and a customized CNN classifier for final classification. The data was published along with the following publication:

Yang F, Poostchi M, Yu H, Zhou Z, Silamut K, Yu J, Maude RJ, Jaeger S, Antani S. Deep Learning for Smartphone-Based Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick Blood Smears. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2020 May;24(5):1427-1438. (URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8846750 )
Giemsa-stained thick blood smear slides from 150 P. vivax-infected patients and 50 uninfected patients were collected and photographed at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Based on a dataset of 350 malaria patients, we proposed PlasmodiumVF-Net to diagnose a patients as uninfected, P. vivax-infected, or P. falciparum-infected. The data was published along with the publication:

Kassim Y M, Yang F, Yu H, Maude R J, Jaeger S. Diagnosing Malaria Patients with Plasmodium falciparum and vivax Using Deep Learning for Thick Smear Images. Diagnostic, 11(11):1994, 2021. (URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/11/1994 )
Giemsa-stained thin blood smear slides from 148 P. falciparum-infected, and 45 uninfected patients were collected and photographed at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. We proposed RBCNet that consists of a U-Net first stage for cell-cluster or super pixel segmentation, followed by a second refinement stage Faster R-CNN for detecting small cell objects within the connected component clusters. The corresponding publication is:

Kassim YM, Palaniappan K, Yang F, Poostchi M, Palaniappan N, Maude RJ, Antani S, Jaeger S. Clustering-Based Dual Deep Learning Architecture for Detecting Red Blood Cells in Malaria Diagnostic Smears. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2021 May;25(5):1735-1746. (URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9244549 )
Giemsa-stained thin blood smear slides from 171 P. vivax-infected patients were collected and photographed in Bangkok, Thailand. We developed a rapid and robust diagnosis system for the automated detection of P. vivax parasites using a cascaded YOLO model. This system consists of a YOLOv2 model and a classifier for hard-negative mining; see the following publication:

Yang F, Quizon N, Silamut K, Maude RJ, Jaeger S, Antani SK. Cascading YOLO: Automated Malaria Parasite Detection for Plasmodium Vivax in Thin Blood Smears. Proc. SPIE 11314, Medical Imaging 2020: Computer-Aided Diagnosis, 113141Q (16 March 2020); (URL: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2549701 )
We acquired cell images from 150 P. falciparum-infected and 50 uninfected patients in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears that were collected and photographed at Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. The dataset contains a total of 27,558 cell images with equal instances of parasitized and uninfected cells. An instance of how the patient-ID is encoded into the cell name is shown herewith: “P1” denotes the patient-ID for the cell labeled “C33P1thinF_IMG_20150619_114756a_cell_179.png”. We have also included the CSV files containing the Patient-ID to cell mappings for the parasitized and uninfected classes. The CSV file for the parasitized class contains 151 patient-ID entries. The slide images for the parasitized patient-ID “C47P8thinOriginal” are read from two different microscope models (Olympus and Motif). The CSV file for the uninfected class contains 201 entries since the normal cells from the infected patients’ slides are also in the normal cell category (151+50 = 201). Experiments with the data were reported in the following paper (PeerJ6:e4568):

Rajaraman S, Antani SK, Poostchi M, Silamut K, Hossain MA, Maude, RJ, Jaeger S, Thoma GR. (2018) Pre-trained convolutional neural networks as feature extractors toward improved Malaria parasite detection in thin blood smear images. (URL: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4568 )

Each dataset includes a separate readme file describing the dataset and annotation files.

Malaria Screener datasheet Details of datasets and download links

Malaria Screener App Download our smartphone-based software "Malaria Screener"

Malaria Screener project page

Mapping SNOMED CT codes to and from ICD codes

SNOMED CT is clinically-based, and oriented for direct use by healthcare providers, to document whatever is needed for patient care. ICD codes are oriented more for coding professionals to use after patient care has already been provided, for statistical data collection and billing. ICD codes lump less common diseases together in "catch-all" categories, for example, J15.8 Pneumonia due to other specified bacteria, which could result in loss of information. SNOMED Ct has more "granular" (specific) clinical coverage than ICD:SNOMED CT (clinical finding) has 100,000 codes, ICD-10-CM has 68,000 codes, and ICD-9-CM has 14,000 codes.

Due to the differences in granularity, emphasis and organizing principles between SNOMED CT and ICD-10-CM, it is not always possible to have a one-to-one map between a SNOMED CT concept and an ICD-10-CM code. To address this challenge, the SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM Map follows an approach that is consistent with the approach used by the IHTSDO and WHO. When there is a need to choose between alternative ICD-10-CM codes, each possible target code is represented as a “map rule” (the essence of “rule-based mapping”). Related map rules are grouped into a “map group”. Map rules within a map group are evaluated in a prescribed order at run-time, based on contextual information and co-morbidities. Each map group will resolve to at most one ICD-10-CM code. In the event that a SNOMED CT concept requires more than one ICD-10-CM code to fully represent its meaning, the map will consist of multiple map groups.

We have created the SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM Map to support semi-automated generation of ICD-10-CM codes from clinical data encoded in SNOMED CT for reimbursement and statistical purposes.

Download: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/mapping_projects/snomedct_to_icd10cm.html
- Latest release in September 2014 provides ICD-10-CM maps for 54,262 SNOMED CT concepts
- Third release (35,000 SNOMED CT concepts mapped to ICD-10-CM) is anticipated for June 2013.
- Second release was in July 2012 (15,000 SNOMED CT concepts mapped to ICD-10-CM).
- First release was in February 2012 (7000 SNOMED CT concepts mapped to ICD-10-CM).

The following de-identified chest X-ray (CXR) image data sets are available to the research community along with findings and consensus radiologist annotations. Both sets contain normal as well as abnormal CXRs with the latter containing TB-consistent manifestations. The use and sharing of these deidentified images have been reviewed and exempted by the Ethics boards.

Please cite the following publications when using these data.

For datasets:

1. Jaeger S, Candemir S, Antani S, Wáng YX, Lu PX, Thoma G. Two public chest X-ray datasets for computer-aided screening of pulmonary diseases. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2014 Dec;4(6):475-7. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.11.20. PMID: 25525580; PMCID: PMC4256233.

For annotations:

2. Rajaraman S, Folio LR, Dimperio J, Alderson PO, Antani SK. Improved Semantic Segmentation of Tuberculosis-Consistent Findings in Chest X-rays Using Augmented Training of Modality-Specific U-Net Models with Weak Localizations. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Mar 30;11(4):616. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040616. PMID: 33808240; PMCID: PMC8065621.

Montgomery County CXR Set: The images in this data set have been acquired from the TB Control Program of the Department of Health and Human Services of Montgomery County, MD, USA. This set contains 138 posterior-anterior CXRs of which 80 are normal and 58 are abnormal with manifestations that are consistent with TB. All images are de-identified and available along with left and right PA-view lung masks in PNG format. The data set also includes consensus annotations from two radiologists for 1024 × 1024 resized images and radiology readings. Download Montgomery County CXR Set

Shenzhen Hospital CXR Set: The CXR images in this data set have been collected and provided by Shenzhen No.3 Hospital in Shenzhen, Guangdong providence, China. The images are in PNG format. There are 326 normal and 336 abnormal CXRs, respectively, showing various TB-consistent manifestations. The data set also includes consensus annotations for a subset (N = 68) from two radiologists for 1024 × 1024 resized images and radiology readings. Download Shenzhen Hospital CXR Set

Background:
Chest radiographs are frequently taken as a screening and diagnostic imaging tool. Very often, two views are taken. These could be one of anterior-posterior (AP) or posterior-anterior (PA) frontal views and a lateral view. Figure 1 shows examples of frontal and lateral chest radiographs, respectively. Appearance of anatomical structures is relatively unique in both views. For computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of cardiopulmonary diseases several image processing and analysis steps are needed, such as segmenting the lung region, locating relevant pathology, and classifying it for diseases. For developing computer models that can achieve these steps successfully and efficiently, there is often a need to know the view of the chest X-ray. However, the view information may be unavailable in the accompanying metadata text or image headers due to poor image quality control or aggressive deidentification.

To address this issue, we generated the view ground truth labels by visually inspecting and classifying each image as frontal or lateral. The files that contain the list of frontal and lateral image names respectively can be downloaded below. For the details of this effort and related work, please refer to our paper [1]. The images in the Indiana dataset that were used in this work and can be downloaded from Open-i®* (a multi-modal Open-Access biomedical literature retrieval system developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) [2]).
(* The numbers of frontal and lateral images in the shared files (3864 and 3689 respectively) are different from those in [1], because not all images are publicly available.)

Reference:

Xue Z, You D, Candemir S, Jaeger S, Antani SK, Long LR, Thoma GR, “Chest X-ray Image View Classification”, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, 2015 (https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LHC-publications/pubs/ChestXrayImageViewClassification.html)
D. Demner-Fushman, S.K. Antani, M. Simpson M, G.R. Thoma, “Design and development of a multimodal biomedical information retrieval system”, JCSE, vol. 6, no.2, pp.168-177, June 2012.

* https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/faq#collection

Download the Frontal view labels

Download the Lateral view labels

DOWNLOADS

BioNLP

CHQA Named Entity Dataset

Common Units of Measure - Subset of the Unified Code for Units of Measure

Consumer Health Spelling Error Dataset

CORE Problem List of SNOMED CT

Factuality Dataset

ICD-9-CM to SNOMED CT Map

Indexing Initiative COVID-19 Related Resources

LOINC Panels and Forms file

LOINC Top 2000+ Lab Observations and Mapper's Guide

LOINC Top 300+ Lab Orders

Lung Masks of a Subset of Chest X-ray Images from the NLM Open-i® Indiana Dataset

Malaria Screener

MEDLINE Co-Occurrences (MRCOC) Files

MEDLINE n-gram set

MEDLINE/PubMed Baseline Repository (MBR)

Newborn Screening LOINC Codes (AHIC panel)

Newborn screening LOINC panel

Newborn Screening Results Annotated Example HL7 Electronic Message Guidance (v 5.2)

NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys)

Nursing Problem List Subset of SNOMED CT

Question Decomposition Data

Question Type Data

RxTerms

SemMedDB Database

SNOMED CT Route of Administration Subset

SNOMED CT to ICD-10 Cross Map

SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM Map

Sortal Anaphora Dataset

SPECIALIST Lexicon

Statistical Reports on MEDLINE®/PubMed® Baseline Data

Structured Abstracts

Structured Drug Product Label (SPL) Coreference Dataset

Top LOINC Codes – Orders and Observations

Tuberculosis Chest X-ray Datasets

View Labels for Chest X-ray Images in the NLM Open-i Indiana Dataset

Visible Human Project Reference Data Sets