1990: The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA ‘90), which becomes effective in 1993, requires pharmacists to provide pharmaceutical counseling and drug utilization review for all Medicaid patients. Reference

1991: CAPT Raymond W. Hammond is the first USPHS officer to be certified as a Board Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist (BCPS). CAPT Raymond Hammond.

1991: CAPT Tom Dolan detailed from Office of Global Health to Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). First pharmacist detailed to OFDA that involved major international responsibilities including administration of OFDA’s overseas programs, health assessments, regional coordination and heatlh policy development. Reference.

1992: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from Hurricane Andrew. Hurricane Andrew Deployment

1992: Pharmacy students have joined the United States Public Health Service since the 1950s. The Junior Commissioned Officer Student Training and Extern Program (COSTEP) is a competitive program where students learn valuable skills to be excellent healthcare practitioners or officers with the United States Public Health Service. Junior COSTEP Students / Reference 1 / Reference 2 / Reference 3 / Reference 4

1992: The Federal Bureau of Prisons has its first inaugural National Pharmacy, Therapeutics, and Formulary meeting. Reference.

1993: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Midwest Floods and Hurricane Emily. Reference

1994: The Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala asks the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) for pharmacists to help increase immunization rates. Subsequently, APhA adopts immunizations as one of its strategic activities. Reference

1994: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Northridge Earthquake in California and Tropical Storm Alberto. Reference

1994: The Nation commenorates the 50th anniversary of the 1944 Public Health Service Act. Reference

1995: The Indian Health Service’s first anticoagulation clinic is established at W. W. Hastings Indian Hospital in Tahlequah, OKlahoma. CDR Deborah Cookson and a patient.

1995: CAPT Kathleen Downs, CAPT George Havens and CDR Alex Kosyak (all PHS Pharmacists) successively continue detail with OFDA through 2007. Many non-traditional roles with significant international medical and public health impact including field assessments of disasters, project reviews from the United Nations and leadership of multisectoral teams responsible for disaster response in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. Reference.

1995: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to assist in the recovery from the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building – Oklahoma City bombing and Hurricanes Opal and Marilyn. Reference.

1996: The Indian Health Service Director, Dr. Michael Trujillo codifies pharmacists as primary care providers via a special memorandum regarding Clinical Pharmacy Specialists. Memorandum

1996: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Atlanta Summer Olympic Games. Reference

1996: The American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) begins offering a certificate-training program for pharmacists, “Pharmacy-based Immunization Delivery, A National Certificate Training Program for Pharmacists”. APhA advocates that all Pharmacists can advance the public’s health in one of three ways; educating and advocating, facilitating other health care professionals to offer immunizations, or administering the immunizations themselves. Reference

1997: "Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act mandates the most wide-ranging reforms in agency practices since 1938. Provisions include measures to accelerate review of devices, regulate advertising of unapproved uses of approved drugs and devices, and regulate health claims for foods." Reference

1997: The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) adopts a six-year Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) program as the entry-level degree for pharmacists, which is to be implemented by 2001. Reference

1997: LCDR Paul Weidle is the second pharmacist to train as an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. LCDR Jim Hayslett completed the training in 2000 while LT Paul Melstrom completed it in 2007. During 2008, CAPT Weidle is working on “clinical treatment issues and international work that blends applied research on antiretroviral therapy to HIV-infected persons in resource-limited settings, such as Uganda, Kenya, Thailand, and Zambia. Reference

1998: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the USNS Comfort - "Operation Baltic Challenge," NATO Summit and PHS-1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) & National Guard training exercise, and assist in the recovery from Hurricanes Mitch and Bonnie. PHS 1 - DMAT or Reference 1 / Reference 2

1998: The IHS National Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Credentialing Committee (NCPSCC) is born out of discussions surrounding decades of expanded practice. Reference

1998: The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) accredits all Federal Bureau of Prisons institutions and pharmacies. Reference.

1998: The Indian Health Service and Public Health Service leadership meet with Health Care Financing Administration to discuss IHS pharmacy practice and potential for pharmacist reimbursement. Reference.

1998: The Indian Health Service wins the APhA Pinnacle Award for its significiant contribution of providing quality pharmaceutical care for the Native Americans. Reference 1 / Reference 2

1999: Commissioned officers, including pharmacists, are deployed to support the Kosovo Refugees at Fort Dix and assist in the recovery from Hurricane Floyd. Fort Dix Deployment. or Reference

1999: The National Pharmaceutical Stockpile (NPS) is established under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “to provide a re-supply of large quantities of essential medical material to states and communities during an emergency within 12 hours of the federal decision to deploy.” The NPS is later renamed the Strategic National Stockpile. Reference

1999: An affiliation agreement between Mercer University School of Pharmacy and the USPHS initiates the first Pharmacy Student Rotation at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Since the affiliation agreement, CDC has hosted over 150 student rotations. Reference 1 /Reference 2